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Synthetic fuel

Classification and principles

The term synthetic fuel has several different meanings and may include different fuels. More traditional definitions, for example, defined by the International Energy Agency, to define a "fuel synthesis "that any liquid fuel produced from coal or natural gas. The Energy Information Administration identifies synthetic fuels in its Annual Energy Outlook 2006, the fuels produced from coal, natural gas, biomass or raw materials through the chemical conversion in Syncrude and / or synthetic liquids. A number of definitions of synthetic fuels also include fuels produced from biomass and industrial waste and municipal. The definition of synthetic fuel can also consist of sands and oil shale as a fuel Summary of sources and more liquid fuels gaseous fuels are also covered. In his "Handbook of synthetic fuels" a petrochemist James G. Speight included liquid fuels and gaseous fuels and the cleanest of solid fuel produced by conversion of coal, oil shale or tar sands, and various forms of biomass, although he admits that in the context of alternatives to petroleum-based fuels, it has even wider. Depending on the context, as methanol, ethanol and hydrogen can be included.

Synthetic fuels are produced by the chemical process of conversion. Conversion methods could be direct conversion, this means that the substance of the source is converted directly into liquid transportation fuels or indirect conversion, which means that the substance the source is first converted into syngas which is then passed through the conversion process to become more liquid fuels. methods conversion of basic carbonization and pyrolysis, hydrogenation and dissolution heat.

History

Ruins of the plant species German synthetic (Hydrierwerke Plitz Aktiengesellschaft) in the police, Poland

See also: Global Oil World War II and liquid fuels Synthetic Program

The direct conversion of coal to synthetic fuel was originally developed in Germany. The Bergius process was developed by Friedrich Bergius, which gives a patent on the process Bergius in 1913. Karl Goldschmidt was invited to build an industrial plant its plant Th Goldschmidt AG (now known as Evonik Industries) in 1914. Production began only in 1919. [Edit]

Also conversion Coal indirect (where coal is gasified and then converted into synthetic fuels) has been developed in Germany by Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch 1923. During the Second World War, Germany used to manufacture synthetic oil (in German: Kohleveredelung) to produce alternative (Ersatz) petroleum products using the Bergius process (from coal), the Fischer-Tropsch (gas to water), and other methods (Zeitz used tension headaches and processes MTH). The Bergius process plants were the main source of Nazi Germany Gasoline Flying high quality and the source of most of its synthetic oil, 99% of synthetic rubber and acid almost all of its Synthetic methanol, synthetic ammonia and nitric acid. Nearly one third of production Bergius was produced by plants in Plitz (In Polish police) and Leuna, with more than 1 / 3 more in five other plants (Ludwigshafen plant had a much smaller Bergius improving the quality of Gasoline "by dehydrogenation" using the process of DHD).

qualities of synthetic fuels included "TL [fuel] Jet, "the first aviation fuel quality," "Essence of basic aviation" and "gasoline – oil Orient, "and gas" producer "and the diesel fuel have been synthesized as well (for example, convert tanks used gas producer). 4, s2 In early 1944, Germany, synthetic fuel production reached more than 124,000 barrels per day (19,700 m3 / d) from 25 plants, verification [edit] 10 in the Ruhr area.: 239 In 1937, Germany, four plants of lignite coal in Bhlen, Leuna Magdeburg / Rothensee and Zeitz, with the plant bituminous coal region of the Ruhr Scholven / Buer, had produced 4.8 million barrels (76,010 ^ 3 m3) of fuel. Four new hydrogenation plants (in German: Hydrierwerke) were then erected in Bottrop-Welheim (who used "tar pitch Coal tar), Gelsenkirchen (Nordstern) Plitz, Wesseling and 200,000 tons / year. Nordstern and Plitz / Stettin used bituminous coal, as well as Blechhammer new plants. Heydebreck edible oil synthesis, which was tested on prisoners in concentration camps. Special Staff Geilenberg 350,000 forced laborers were used for most foreign factories to rebuild bombed synthetic oil,: 210,224 and, in a decentralization program emergency, building 7 plants hydrogenation subway bombings Protection (none were finished). (Planners had rejected an earlier proposal, because the war must be won before the bunkers would be completed.) In July 1944, the project 'cuckoo' the underground synthetic oil plant (800,000 m2) was "carved in Himmelsburg" North of the Mittelwerk, but the plant was pending at the end of the Second World War.

Indirect Fischer-Tropsch (FT) technologies have been brought to the United States after World War 2, and 7,000 barrels per day (1,100 m3 / d) plant was designed by HDI and built at Brownsville Texas. The plant represented the first commercial use the high temperature Fischer Tropsch conversion. It operated from 1950 to 1955, when it was closed when the price of oil has fallen because of production increased and discoveries in the greater Middle East.

Direct conversion of coal plants have also been developed in the United States after the 2nd World War, including an installation 3 TPD Lawrenceville, New Jersey, and a 250-600 TPD plant in Catlettsburg, KY. [Citation needed]

South Africa uses the Fischer-Tropsch process to produce more diesel in this country. Another form of synthetic oil is produced in the factory Syncrude sands in Alberta, Canada. This facility removes large viscous bitumen oil sands mined in the vicinity, and uses a variety of processes hydrogenation to turn it into synthetic crude oil of high quality. The Syncrude supplies about 14% of Canada's oil output. Installation Similar is the smaller nearby plant owned by Suncor. [Citation needed]

Processes

There are many processes that can be used to produce synthetic fuels.

These broadly fall into three categories: indirect, direct, and biofuels process. [Discuss doubtful]

It is a listing of many different technologies used to produce fuel synthetic. Please note that although this list has been compiled for coal to liquids technologies, most of the same processes can also be used with biomass or natural gas.

indirect conversion

indirect conversion through the world more widespread deployment, production global total of around 260,000 barrels per day (41,000 m3/day), and many other projects in active development.

indirect conversion is mainly refers to a process in which biomass, coal or natural gas is converted into a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide gas called synthesis, or by gasification or methane steam reforming, and the synthesis gas is converted into a liquid transportation fuel using one of several different conversion techniques as desired end product.

The main technologies that produce synthetic fuel from synthesis gas is the Fischer-Tropsch process and the Mobil (also known as methanol to gasoline, or MTG). There some developing technologies to produce ethanol from synthesis gas, if they have not yet been demonstrated commercial scale.

The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis gas reacts with a catalyst usually cobalt or iron-based, and transforms the gas into liquid products (mainly fuel diesel and jet fuel) and, optionally, waxes (depending on the method employed FT).

The production process of synthetic fuels through indirect conversion is often referred to as coal to liquids (CTL), Gas to Liquids (GTL) and biomass liquid (BTL), depending on the initial charge. At least three projects (Ohio River Clean Fuels, Clean Fuels Illinois, and Rentech Natchez) is the combination of coal and materials raw biomass to create synthetic fuels hybrid known as the raw materials of coal and biomass to Liquids (CBTL).

Indirect technology conversion process can also be used to produce hydrogen, potentially for use in fuel cell vehicles fuel or as a wake co-product or as a primary output.

Direct conversion

Direct conversion refers to processes where raw coal or biomass are converted directly into intermediate or final, bypassing the intermediate step conversion into synthesis gas by gasification.

Direct conversion process can be roughly into two different methods: pyrolysis and of carbonization and hydrogenation. [Citation needed]

Hydrogenation Process

See also: Bergius process

One of the main methods of direct conversion of coal into liquid by the hydrogenation process is the Bergius process. In this process, the coal is liquefied by mixing with hydrogen and heating system (hydrogenation). Dry coal is mixed with heavy oil recycled from the process. Catalyst is usually added to the mixture. The reaction occurs between 400 C (752 F) 5000 C (9030 F) and 20-70 MPa hydrogen pressure. The reaction can be summarized as follows:

After the First World War many factories were built in Germany, these plants have been widely used during World War II to supply Germany with fuel and lubricants.

Kohleoel process, developed in Germany by Ruhrkohle and VEBA, was used in the demonstration plant with the capacity 200 tonnes of lignite per day, built in Bottrop, Germany. The plant operated from 1981 to 1987. In this process, coal is mixed with a solvent Recycling and iron catalyst. After preheating and pressurisation, H2 is added. The process takes place in a tubular reactor at a pressure of 300 bar and temperature of 470 C (880 F). This process has also been explored by SASOL in South Africa.

In 1970-1980s, Japanese firms Nippon Kokan, Sumitomo Metal Industries and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has developed the NEDOL process. In this process, coal is mixed with a solvent recycled a synthesis catalyst based on iron, H2 is added after preheating. The reaction takes place in a tubular reactor at temperatures between 430 C (810 F) and 465 C (870 F) at a pressure of 150-200 bar. The oil produced is of poor quality and requires extensive modernization. H-coal process, put in Point Oil Research, Inc., in 1963, a mixture of pulverized coal with recycled liquid, hydrogen and catalyst in the reactor bubbling bed. Advantages of this process are that the dissolution and oil upgrading take place in the single reactor, the products have a high H / C diet, ration time and fast, while the main disadvantages are the high yield of gasoline, the hydrogen consumption at high, and limiting use oil only as an oil boiler because of impurities.

The CBC-SRC-I and II (Solvent Refined Coal) the processes developed by Gulf Oil and implemented as pilot plants in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. The Nuclear Utility Services Corporation has developed hydrogenation process has been patented by Wilburn C. Schroeder in 1976. The process involved dried, pulverized coal mixed to about 1wt% molybdenum catalysts. Hydrogenation occurred by use of synthesis gas at high temperature and pressure produced in a separate gasifier. The process finally given a synthetic crude product, Naphtha, a limited amount of C3/C4 gas, liquid, light and medium enterprises (C5-C10) suitable for use as fuel, small amounts of NH3 and large amounts of CO2. Other hydrogenation in a single step process Exxon donor solvent are the process, the process Imhausen high pressure, and the process of Conoco Zinc Chloride.

There are also a number of two-stage liquefaction direct process, but after 1980 that the catalytic liquefaction process in two stages, the process of change of H-coal, liquid solvent extraction process by British Coal and lignite liquefaction process in Japan have been developed.

pyrolysis and charring

See also: The Karrick process

There are a number of different carbonization process. The conversion of char is produced by pyrolysis or destructive distillation, and produces coal tar condensing, oil and water vapor, non-Condesa syngas, and a solid char residue. The coal tar and condensed oil is then processed by hydrogenation to remove sulfur and nitrogen species, after which they are processed into fuel.

The typical example is the carbonization process Karrick. The process was invented by Lewis Cass Karrick in the 1920s. The Karrick process is a process of carbonization low temperature, where the coal is heated to 680 F (360 C) to 1380 F (750 C) in the absence of air. These temperatures optimize the production of coal tars richer in lighter hydrocarbons than normal coal tar. However, the liquid products are mostly a by-product and the main product is semi-coke, a solid fuel and smoke.

The CRC process, developed by FMC Corporation, uses a fluidized bed for treatment, in combination with temperature increases by four stages of pyrolysis. The heat is transferred by hot gases produced by combustion of part of the tank produced. A modified this process, the process of Cogas involves the addition of char gasification. The process of TOSCOAL, an analogue of oil shale retorting process Tosco II and the process of Lurgi-Ruhrgas, which is also used for the extraction of oil shale, uses hot recycled solids for heat transfer.

liquid yield from pyrolysis and Karrick process is generally low for practical use for the production of synthetic liquid fuel. In addition, fluids that result are of poor quality and require further treatment before it can be used as fuel. In summary, there is little possibility that this process will yield economically viable volumes of liquid fuel.

Biofuels Process

Example a bio-based synthetic fuel process is hydrotreated renewable Jet (HRJ) of fuel. There are a number of variants of these processes being developed, and the process of testing and certification for aviation fuels HRJ begins.

There are two processes such course development by UOP. A using raw materials of solid biomass, and using bio-oil and fats. The process of using Solid biomass sources of second generation such as switchgrass or wood pyrolysis of biomass used to produce bio-oil, which is then stabilized and deoxygenated catalyst to produce a fuel range. The process by using natural oils and fats through a deoxygenation process, followed by isomerization and hydrocracking to produce a renewable fuel synthetic paraffinic kerosene.

The oil sands and oil shale process

See also: Crude Oil synthesis and extraction of oil shale

Synthetic crude can also be created by upgrading bitumen (an archive tar like substance found in tar sands), or synthetic liquid hydrocarbons from oil shale. There are a number of extraction oil shale (SCO) from oil shale by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution.

Marketing

This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this section if you can. (July 2009)

The leading company in the commercialization of synthetic fuel is Sasol, a company based in South Africa.

Commercial World plant capacity for synthesis of fuels is more than 240,000 barrels per day (38,000 m3/day), including indirect conversion plants Fischer Tropsch South Africa (Mossgas, Secunda CTL), Qatar Oryx GTL (), and Malaysia (Shell Bintulu), and a Mobil process (methanol to gasoline), located in New Zealand.

Many major projects are under construction in China and Qatar. Some analysts believe that Chinese CTL production will exceed that of Africa South by 2015, and new and existing capacity of GTL in Qatar is also expected to surpass the July 2009 level of production in South Africa some time in 2011.

Producers who have already

The leading company in the commercialization of synthetic fuel is Sasol, a company based in South Africa. Sasol operates the world does business Fischer Tropsch coal to liquids facility at Secunda, with a capacity of 150,000 barrels per day (24,000 m3 / j).

Orix Sasol Fischer-Tropsch gas-liquids plant in Ras Laffan Industrial City, Qatar is currently running at 29,000 barrels per day (4,600 m3 / j) capacity near its anticipated 34,000 barrel per day (5,400 m3/day) rated capacity.

Royal Dutch Shell operates a 14,700 barrels per day (2340 m3 / d) Fischer-Tropsch gas-to-liquids plant in Bintulu, Malaysia.

The Mossgas gas to liquids plant in South Africa produces 45 000 barrels per day (7,200 m3 / d) Fischer-Tropsch synthetic fuels.

Other companies that have developed coal-or gas-liquid process (to the pilot plant or commercial stage) include ExxonMobil, Statoil, Rentech and Syntroleum.

Projects under construction

Pearl GTL project, a joint venture between Shell and Qatar Petroleum, is being built in Ras Laffan, Qatar, and will produce 140,000 barrels per day (22,000 m3/day) Fischer Tropsch oil liquids from 2010 (first train) and 2011 (second set).

Escravos GTL Project in Nigeria is expected to produce 34,000 barrels per day (5,400 m3 / d) Fischer-Tropsch synthetic fuel in 2011.

Shenhua completed a trial in January 2009, and expects to begin operating in July 2009 their 1.08 million tonnes per year (about 22,200 barrels per day (3530 m3 / d)) Factory Direct Coal Liquefaction (Erdos CTL) in Ejin Horo Banner in Northern China's inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Shenhua plans to eventually extend the installation of 5 million tonnes per year (about 102,000 barrels per day (16,200 m3 / d)) .. The Shenhua Group is also expected to complete a six million tonne per year (TPY first Phase 3 million) project coal fuel using its own technology Fischer-Tropsch conversion indirect side of the plant in Inner Mongolia in the third quarter of 2009.

Yankuang expected to innovate in a short time 22,000 barrels per day (3,500 m3 / d) (1 million tonnes per year) indirect synthetic fuel project. Products end include 780,800 tonnes of diesel, naphtha 258,400, 56,480 of LPG.

Proposed projects

U.S.

In the United States, a number of different synthetic fuels projects are moving forward with the first expected to enter commercial operation in 2013.

American Clean Coal Fuels, Clean Fuels Project in their Illinois, is developing a 30,000 barrels per day (4,800 m3 / d) Fischer-Tropsch biomass and coal to liquids project with carbon capture and sequestration in Oakland Illinois. The project is expected to enter service in 2013.

Baard Energy in their Ohio River Clean Fuels project, are developing a 53,000 barrels per day (8,400 m3 / d) Fischer-Tropsch coal and biomass to liquid project with the capture and sequestration. Pending the close of a financing plan, Baard expects to begin site preparation work before the end of 2009, with the construction of facilities from 2010. initial startup of the project is scheduled for 2013, with full production targeted 2015.

Rentech development of a 29,600 barrels per day (4710 m3 / d) Fischer-Tropsch coal and biomass to liquid plant with capture and Carbon sequestration in Natchez Mississippi. The project is in phase allows the obtaining of permits provided by Rentech in 2010. [Reliable source?]

DKRW is the development of a 15,000 to 20,000 barrels per day (2400-3200 m3 / d) Fischer-Tropsch coal to liquids plant with capture and sequestration carbon in Medicine Bow Wyoming. The project is expected to begin operating in 2013. [Reliable source?]

Fuels

A major effort is underway to certify FT synthetic fuels for use in the United States and international aviation fleets. In this effort is led by a coalition of industry known as the Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative (CAAF), also supported by a parallel initiative is underway in the U.S. Air Force for certify FT fuel for use in all aircraft platforms. The U.S. Air Force has set a goal to certify its entire fleet for Use with blends of FT synthetic fuel in 2011. The initiative aims to certify CAAF fleet of civil aviation for synthetic fuels FT blends by 2010, and has ongoing programs to certify HRJ hydrogenated biofuels by 2013.

Currently, certification efforts seem to be sooner than expected. On June 24, 2009 ASTM International Aviation Fuels Subcommittee voted to approve the creation of a new fuel specification for blends 50/50 FT kerosene for use in commercial aviation. Assuming that this action is approved by petroleum products and lubricants committee of ASTM International, CAAF then expected that the specifications will be provided with its official designation ASTM by the fall. Ongoing research continues in fuel HRJ incorporation into the standard, with fuel HRJ inclusion in the standard provided by the end of 2010, pending positive evaluation of the research report.

Sasol also announced that they have done for the first approval of 100% synthetic jet fuel usage sanctioned by the authorities of the global aviation fuel specifications.

On October 12, 2009, an Airbus A340 Qatar Airways has made a 600-first using the world of commercial flight passengers of a mixture kerosene and synthetic fuel gas-to-Liquid in his flight from London Gatwick Airport in Doha.

JBUFF (common combat consumption fuel of the future) fuel

Future formulations and mixtures of fuel may cause JBUFF (Joint Battlespace fuel consumption the future) or a unique combat fuel that can be used to both diesel and jet fuel to the application. A fuel JBUFF allow a rapid deployment and improvement of Logistics for the military and relief environments, where various types of equipment can be used with a fuel instead of several types of fuel.

Consumer Publication

In the U.S., the community Aviation has played a leadership role in establishing a major market for U.S. synthetic fuel. In addition to their certification efforts, the United States Air Force has publicly stated their intention to fuel half of its domestic U.S. fuel synthesis 2016. The commercial aviation industry, working with potential suppliers through CAAF, also pushing hard to find sources of fuel.

substantial interest has been shown that municipal and commercial operations of the fleet of vehicles, railroads, and even the refiners seeking to use synthetic fuels as blendstock. [Citation needed]

Department American energy projects that domestic consumption of synthetic fuel from coal and natural gas will amount to 3.7 million barrels per day (59,010 ^ 3 m3 / d) in 2030 based on a price of $ 57 per barrel of crude high in sulfur.

Non-transport "SynFuel"

Many American companies (TECO, Progress Energy, DTE, Marriott) have also benefited from coal-based tax credits based SynFuel in the 1970s, however, a number of products eligible for the grant (eg manure or briquettes) are not true of synthetic fuels, because they are not portable, practical, the fluids of the end user that the credit was created for. [Neutrality disputed]

The coal industry uses the credit to increase profits on powertrain burning coal by introducing a "pre-treatment" process that meets technical requirements, burns, then the result is the same burn coal. Sometimes the amount gained in the tax credit is a major factor in the economics of the plant. The tax credit SynFuel has been used primarily in this way from the bottom Gasoline prices in the 1980s has killed any great efforts to create a transportation fuel with credit, and its continuation is considered a pork project "big" win for industry lobbyists, coal, up to 9 billion dollars a year. [Neutrality disputed] The total production of synthetic fuels in the U.S. was 73 million tons in 2002. [Edit]

The synthetic tax credit fuel, Section 45K, under which these activities took place, ended December 31, 2007.

Economy

The economy manufacture of synthetic fuel vary greatly depending on the feedstock used, the exact process used, site characteristics such as input and transportation costs and the cost of additional equipment to control emissions. The examples below show a wide range production costs between $ 20/BBL scale gas liquids, provided that $ 240/BBL small-scale biomass to liquid + carbon capture and sequestration.

To be economically viable, the projects must do much better than any head to head competition is with the oil, they must also be profitable, and generate a sufficient return on investment to justify the capital investment in project. This means that the price of compulsory sale of gasoline they produce will be above the breakeven mark by a significant number of prior All projects will be built.

GTL Economics

A synthetic fuel made from natural gas (GTL), without recourse CCS, a plant widely in the Middle East (where the gas is relatively cheap), is expected to be competitive with oil up about $ 20 a barrel.

Recent advances by the oil company Shell saw the synthetic fuels start to become profitable. Company is the construction of a GTL (gas-to-liquid) in Qatar, which will come online in 2011. It will be capable of producing 300,000 barrels per day (48,000 m3/day) of fuel synthesis and other products, using natural gas as feedstock. Their spokesperson says the process will remain competitive with traditional diesel Unless the price of crude falls below $ 20 a barrel.

CTL / CBTL / economics BTL

According to 1 December 2007 study, a medium scale (30,000 BPD) of coal plant liquids (CTL) located in the United States uses bituminous coal, is expected to be competitive with oil to down to about $ 5256/bbl crude oil equivalent. Adding carbon capture and sequestration for the project was planned to add an additional 10/BBL of the selling price required, if this can be offset by revenues from enhanced oil recovery, or tax credits, or the potential sale of carbon credits.

A recent study examined NETL relative profitability of a number of configurations different processes for the production of fuels using FT indirect biomass, coal and CCS. This study has determined a price at which the plant would not only be profitable, also result a sufficient return for a 20% return on capital needed to build the plant.

This chapter details the analysis that follows the sale price required (SPR) of FT diesel produced to determine the economic feasibility and competitiveness Relative plant options. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine how the regulations to control carbon as a system of emissions trading scheme for transport fuels would have an impact on the prices of both diesel and petroleum-derived diesel FT from different plants. The main conclusions of this analysis are: (1) CTL plants with CCS are competitive in price of crude oil as low as $ 86 a barrel and have fewer emissions of GHG life cycle than petroleum-derived diesel. These plants become more economically competitive the price of carbon increase. (2) The marginal cost of adding CCS is simple very low (seven cents per gallon), because the CO2 capture is an inherent part FT process. This option becomes economically privileged carbon price above $ 5/mtCO2eq.27 (3) BTL systems are hampered by the availability limited to biomass, which affects the maximum size of facilities, thus limiting the potential economies of scale. This, combined with results relatively high costs of biomass FT diesel prices that are double that of other formations 6.96/gal: $ 6.45 to $ 2.56 versus $ 2.82/gal to CTL and 15wt% CBTL systems with CCS. The conclusion from these findings is that the CTL with CCS and 8wt% to 15wt% CBTL configurations with CSC may offer the most pragmatic solutions to the dilemma of national energy strategy: reducing GHG emissions which are significant (5% to 33% below the base oil) to DSR diesel are only half as much as BTL options ($ 2.56 to $ 2.82 per gallon compared to $ 6.45 per gallon to $ 6.96 for BTL). These options are economically viable when crude prices are $ 86 to $ 95 a barrel.

These the economy can change where abundant sources of biomass at low cost can be found, following the input costs of biomass, and improved economies of scale.

Economy solid raw materials for indirect process FT plants are even more confused Regulation by carbon. Generally, from a plant without CCS to CTL will probably be impossible, and CTL + CCS plants have a lower carbon footprint than conventional fuels, the carbon regulation would be the positive balance for production of synthetic fuel. But his impact on the economy process of different configurations in different ways. The NETL study selected a mixing process CBTL use of biomass alongside 5-15% coal as the cheapest in a range of carbon prices and the likely scenarios of future regulation. Unfortunately, due to scale and constraints cost, pure BTL process has not scored well until the very high carbon prices have been taken, but again, this may improving with better materials and more efficient larger-scale projects.

The Chinese economy of coal liquefaction direct

News Reports said an estimated cost of production of less than 30 dollars per barrel, based on a coal liquefaction process direct and cost coal mines under $ 10/ton.

Security considerations

A central aspect of the development of fuels synthesis is the factor of safety of supply from domestic biomass fuel and coal. The nations that are rich in biomass and coal Synthetic fuel can be used to offset their use of petroleum fuels and foreign oil.

Considerations Environmental

One factor that is central to all large-scale synthetic fuels development is the ecological footprint different technologies and processes that can be used. Ecological footprint of a given fuel synthesis varies considerably as the process is used, what material is used, pollution control are used, and that the distance from transport and the method for purchases of raw materials at a time and the distribution of the final product.

In many places, the development of the project will not be possible due to restrictions if a process of design is chosen that does not meet local requirements for clean air, water, and increasingly, emissions carbon lifecycle.

Lifecycle house gas emissions

A topic that has recently been a major concern in the discussion All non-conventional fuel technologies are the carbon emissions generated by their production and use.

To properly assess these emissions, the life cycle of commodity markets, through refining, end to end use of exhaust must be taken into consideration. This is called a life cycle assessment.

Among the various technologies FT indirect production synthetic fuels, the potential emissions of greenhouse gases vary widely. Coal to Liquids ("CTL") without carbon capture and sequestration (SCC) should result in significantly higher carbon footprint than conventional fuels derived from petroleum (147%). On the other hand, biomass to liquids with CCS should be able to offer a 358% reduction of emissions of greenhouse gas life cycle. Both of these plants fundamentally the use of gasification and FT synthesis conversion fuel technology, but offer sharply divergent impressions of the environment. [Quote necessary]

Lifecycle carbon emissions profiles of various fuels, including many synthetic fuels. Coal and biomass co-conversion to transportation fuels, Michael E. Reed, DOE Office of Fossil Energy NETL, October 17, 2007

In general, CTL without CCS has an area greater greenhouse gases. CTL with CCS has a 9-15% reduction in emissions of greenhouse gas life cycle compared to that of petroleum diesel. CBTL + CCS plants that rely biomass alongside coal while sequestering carbon does progressively better the more biomass is added. Depending on the type of biomass, assumptions regarding the storage roots, and transport logistics, the curator of the biomass of 40% along with coal, CBTL + CCS plants make an impression lifecycle greenhouse neutral gas. In biomass over 40%, they begin to go negative life cycle, and efficient store carbon in the soil for each gallon fuel they produce. [Citation needed]

Ultimately BTL plants employing CCS could store huge amounts of carbon while producing fuels from biomass feedstocks sustainably produced, but there are a number of important economic barriers, and some technical obstacles must be overcome to enable the development of these facilities. [Citation needed]

Serious consideration should also be given to the nature and mode of procurement of raw materials, either for coal or biomass used in these establishments irresponsible development that could exacerbate environmental problems caused by mining mountains withdrawal, change of use lands, runoff from fertilizer, food vs. fuel concerns, or many other potential factors. Or they could not. Dependent entirely specific factors in the project on a plant by plant basis. [Citation needed]

A study by the U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory of Information depth much more emissions lifecycle CBTL "Affordable Low Carbon Diesel from coal and biomass within the "http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/pubs/CBTL Final Report.pdf

Hybrid hydrogen-carbon process have also recently been proposed as an alternative closed carbon cycle, combining "clean" electricity, recycled CO2 CO H2 and captured in biomass as inputs in a way to reduce the biomass. [Citation needed]

fuel emissions

The fuels produced by different synthetic fuels processes also have a wide range of environmental performance potential if they tend to be very uniform in the type of synthetic fuels process used (ie the exhaust emission characteristics Fischer Tropsch diesel tend to be similar, but their footprint greenhouse gas life cycle can vary significantly based on which plant produced the fuel, depending on raw materials and plant considerations level of sequestration.) [edit]

In particular, diesel Fischer-Tropsch fuel and provide dramatic reduction in commission-linear in all major pollutants such as SOx, NOx, particulate and hydrocarbon emissions. These fuels, because of their high level of purity and the absence of contaminants, to enable the use of advanced equipment control emissions which has been shown that the virtual elimination of HC, CO and particulate emissions from diesel vehicles.

In his testimony before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the U.S. House of Representatives made the following statement was made by a principal investigator Rentech:

FT fuels offer many benefits to aviation users. The first is an immediate reduction in particulate emissions. fuel FT has been shown in laboratory combusters and engines to reduce particulate emissions by 96% at idle and 78% in operating cruise. Validation reducing emissions of other turbine engine is still ongoing. Along with the reduction of PM is an immediate reduction of emissions CO2 from fuel FT. FT fuels reduce CO2 emissions per se because they have a higher content of energy content carbon fuel, and fuel is less dense than conventional kerosene for aircraft to fly later the same fuel load.

On the cleanliness of these fuels FT synthesis is also demonstrated by the fact that they are sufficiently non-toxic and environmentally friendly for considered biodegradable. This is mainly due to the virtual absence of sulfur and aromatics present in extremely low fuel.

Using the results of Fischer Tropsch diesel through the dramatic reduction in tailpipe emissions compared to council conventional fuels

Using Fischer-Tropsch jet fuel have proven to significantly reduce emissions of particulates and other apparatus

Durability

A concern often raised about the development of synthetic fuels plant is sustainability. Basically the transition from oil to coal or natural gas for transportation fuel production is a transition from a resource limited by geological depeleteable to another. [Citation needed]

One positive feature definition of synthetic fuels production capacity is to use more raw materials (coal, gas or biomass) to produce the same product from the same plant. In the case of hybrid plants BCTL, some facilities are already using an important component of biomass alongside coal. Ultimately, given the proper location with good availability of biomass, and oil prices high enough, synthetic fuel plants can be grown from coal or gas, a more sustainable biomass to 100%. This provides a path forward the sustainable production of fuel true even if the plant produces originally only fuels from coal, which the infrastructure forward-compatible, even if the original raw material fossil is exhausted. [Citation needed]

Some processes of synthetic fuels can be converted to sustainable production practices more easily than others, depending on equipment selected process. This is an important consideration as the design of these facilities are planned and implemented, as additional room must be left in the plant layout to accommodate any future material handling requirements and the gasification plant changes may be needed to accommodate future change of production profile [ref. necessary]

See also

Energy Portal

Coal Liquefaction

Gasification

The methanol to gasoline

Biofuels

Butanol fuel

Gas liquid

Synthetic oil

Synthetic Fuels Corporation

Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program

Cracking

extraction of oil shale

Pyrolysis

Methanol economy

References

^ (PDF) Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 emissions. Paris: OECD / IEA. 2007. P. 289. ISBN 9789264030169. http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2007/tracking_emissions.pdf. Retrieved 09/07/2009.

^ Abcd (PDF) Annual Energy Outlook 2006 with projections to 2030. Washington, DC: Energy Information Administration. 2006. P. 5254. DOE/EIA-0383 (2006). http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/archive/aeo06/pdf/issues.pdf. Retrieved 09/07/2009.

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^ Lee, Sunggyu; Speight, James G.; Loyalka, Sudarshan K. (2007). Handbook of Alternative Fuel Technologies. CRC Press. P. 225. ISBN 9780824740696. http://books.google.com/books?lr=&id=hyNbv60Px8oC&dq=subject: "Synfuels +" & q = + synthetic fuel. Retrieved 14/03/2009.

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^ Ab Luik, Hans (2009-06-08). "Alternative technologies for the liquefaction of oil shale and the upgrade" (PDF). Shales International Symposium sands. Tallinn, Estonia: Tallinn University of Technology. http://www.oilshalesymposium.com/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/LUIK_2.pdf. Retrieved 9/6/2009.

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^ According to the biography Hans Degussa Goldschmidt "Degussa Geschichte – Hans Goldschmidt. http://www.degussa-history.com/geschichte/en/personalities/hans_goldschmidt/. Retrieved 10/11/2009., Karl Goldschmidt was invited to become director Bergius search Chemische Fabrik Th Goldschmidt.

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^ Abcdef Schroeder, WC (August 1946). Holroyd, R.. ed. Report on Investigations by Fuels and lubricants teams to IG Farben, AG Works, Ludwigshafen and Oppau. United States Bureau of Mines, Office of synthetic liquid fuels. http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/Bureau_of_Mines/info_circ/ic_7375/ic_7375.htm. Retrieved 21/03/2009.

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^ "The early days of coal research. Fossil energy. U.S. Department Of Energy. http://www.fe.doe.gov/aboutus/history/syntheticfuels_history.html. Retrieved 09/11/2008.

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^ Becker, Peter W. (1981). "The role of synthetic fuel the First World War in Germany II: implications for today? ". Journal of the Air University (Maxwell AFB). Http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1981/jul-aug/becker. htm.

^ Speer, Albert (1970) [1969 - Germany Erinnerungen (Memories)]. Inside the Third Reich. Translated by Richard and Clara Winston. New York and Toronto: Macmillan. P. 418. LCCN 70-119132. ISBN 978-0-684-82949-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=XLSa_RIDHMUC&pg=PA348. Retrieved 17/03/2009.

^ Irving, David (1964) (pdf). The Mare's Nest. London: William Kimber and Co. p. 300. http://www.fpp.co.uk/books/MaresNest/index.html. Retrieved 03/01/2009.

^ Abcdefghij Tarka, Thomas J.; Wimer, John G.; Balash, Peter C.; Skone, Timothy J., Kern, Kenneth C., Vargas, Maria C.; Morreale, Bryan D., White III, Charles W., Gray, David (2009). Affordable Low Carbon Diesel from household coal and biomass. U.S. Department of Energy, National Technology Laboratory energy. pp. 1, 30.

^ Schmetz Edward Miller and Lowell (2005). "Production of hydrogen from coal, hydrogen DOE 2005 Annual Program Review ". U.S. Department of Energy Office of Sequestration, Hydrogen and Clean Fuels from Coal. p. 4.

^ Robert Distance: Friedrich Bergius (1884-1949), p. 62 "in unserer Zeit Chemie, VCH-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 19. Jahrgang, April 1985, Weinheim Germany

^ Stranges, Anthony N. (1984). Friedrich Bergius "and the rise of German industry of synthetic fuel." Isis (University of Chicago Press) 75 (4): 643,667. http://www.jstor.org/pss/232411. Retrieved 03/06/2009.

^ Abcde Clean Coal Technology Program (October 1999) (PDF). Status Report Technology 010: Coal Liquefaction. Ministry of Trade and Industry. http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file18326.pdf. Retrieved 23/11/2006.

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^ Lowe A. Phillip, Schroeder C. Wilburn; Liccardi, Anthony L. (1976). Technical Economics, Synfuels energy symposium and coal, solid phase catalytic liquefaction of coal. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. P. 35.

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^ "JetBlue is preparing for the trial fuel replacement. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/02/10/322355/jetblue-readies-for-alternative-fuel-trial.html. Retrieved 06/06/2009.

^ "USAF launches a new testing program for biofuels. Http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw090204_1_n.shtml. Retrieved 06/06/2009.

^ "UOP receives $ 1.5M for Pyrolysis Oil Project from DOE. Green Car Congress. 29.10.2008. Http: / / www.greencarcongress.com/2008/10/uop-receives-15.html. Retrieved 09/07/2009.

^ Burnham, Alan K., McConaghy, James R. (2006-10-16). "Comparison of the acceptability of various processes of shale sands "(PDF). 26th symposium of oil shale. Golden, Colorado: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. UCRL-CONF-226 717. https: / / e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/341283.pdf. Retrieved 27/05/2007.

^ Fuels production SynFuel New Zealand site has been closed since the mid-nineties, while the production of methanol for export continues. This site is operated on the Mobil process converting gas to methanol and methanol gasoline.http: / / Www.techhistory.co.nz / ThinkBig / Petrochemical Decisions.htm

^ CTL China to Exceed South Africa 2015 ". http://www.chemweekly.com/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=3374&BigClassName=Business&BigClassID=36&SmallClassID=56&SmallClassName=Business. Retrieved 2009-06-22.

^ Sum of production at Oryx existing and planned production at Pearl "Pearl Gas-to-Liquids Plant, Ras Laffan in Qatar. http://www.chemicals-technology.com/projects/pearl-gtl/. Retrieved 2009-06-22.

^

^ Http: / / www.reuters.com/article/rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/idUSWEB365320090309

^ Http://www.shell.com/home/content/qatar/bintulu/bintulu_malaysia_08102003_1230.html

^ Http: / / www.gasification.org/Docs/Conferences/2005/33VAND.pdf

^

^ "Pearl Gas-to-Liquids Plant, Ras Laffan, Qatar. http://www.chemicals-technology.com/projects/pearl-gtl/. Retrieved 2009-06-22.

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^ "Yankuang to invest 13.5 billion yuan in the project CTO. http://en.sxcoal.com/NewsDetail.aspx?cateID=167&id=20330. Retrieved 2009-06-22.

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^ "American Clean Coal Fuels site, the Projects section. Http://www.cleancoalfuels.com/cleancoalfuels_projects.html. This Retrieved 2009-06-24.

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^ [Www.ohioforest.org / pdf / stevedopuchpresentation.ppt "Prospects for clean fuels from coal and biomass, Steve Dopuch, Baard Energy, LLC March 7, 2009 "]. Www.ohioforest.org / pdf / stevedopuchpresentation.ppt. Retrieved 23/07/2009.

^ "Site Rentech, Natchez project section. Http://www.rentechinc.com/natchez.php. Retrieved 2009-06-24.

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^ Ab Barlett, Donald; Steele, James (10/04/2003). "The Scam great energy." Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0, 9171,493241,00. html. Retrieved 2009-07-22.

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^ Http: / / www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2005/05/67534

^ "Natural gas Diesel can cut smog. Http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2005/05/67534.

^ Berg, David R. (2008). The business case for coal gasification with Co-Production, Business Risks, the financial perspective, incentives Potential, impact on sequestration. U.S. Department of Energy, the Air Force II U.S. Energy Forum, March 4, 2008. pp. 12.

China Shenhua ^ "Yankuang to boost coal output fuels Six Fold. Bloomberg.com. 22/06/2007. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&refer=conews&tkr=YZC:US&sid=a6VwxDlvG4nM. Retrieved 09/07/2009.

^ "The synthetic fuel CTLC will strengthen U.S. national security." http://www.futurecoalfuels.org/documents/022208_synth_fuels_security.pdf.

^ Examples of such restrictions include the Act on the Clean Air Act we http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_ (United_States) and http://www.epa.gov/mercuryrule/ clean air mercury rule, and imposed limits on new coal liquids recent projects in China by developing and Reform Commission http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2008-10/09/content_7090441.htm

^ A carbon footprint can prevent excessive government U.S. federal purchasing power of fuel. Section 526 of the Energy Independence and Security Act prohibits federal agencies, including the Department of Defense, the purchase of other synthetic fuels unless alternative fuels have lower emissions of GHG Refined petroleum-based fuels. Kosich, Dorothy (2008-04-11). "Repeal the ban asked U.S. Govt. Using CTL, oil shale, tar sands fuel generated by ". Mine Web. http://www.mineweb.com/mineweb/view/mineweb/en/page38?oid=50551&sn=Detail. Retrieved 2008-05-27. Bloom David I, Roger Waldron, W Duane Layton, W Patrick Roger (04/03/2008). "The United States: energy independence Provision and Safety Act poses major problems for Synthetic And Alternative Fuels "This http://www.mondaq.com/article.asp?articleid=58310 .. Retrieved 27/05/2008.

^ Http: / / coalgasificationnews.com/2009/05/28/coal-to-liquid-fuels-have-lower-ghg-than-some-refined-fuels /

^ R Agrawal Singh NR, Ribeiro FH, WN Delgass (2007). "Fuel for sustainable transport." PNAS 104 (12): 48,284,833. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609921104.

^ Through the work of http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/36363.pdf NREL http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/38195.pdf, and other DOE / studies DOD

^ See http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/38195.pdf study Yosemite Waters

^ (. PDF) Technical Support Document, Coal-to-Liquids Products Industry Overview, the proposed rule for mandatory reporting of greenhouse gas emissions. Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 28 January 2009-01-28. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads/tsd/TSD suppliers_013009.pdf CTL. Retrieved 2009-07-15.

^ "Diesel Fuel biodegradable. http://www.freshpatents.com/Biodegradable-diesel-fuel-dt20060914ptan20060201850.php. Retrieved 2009-06-24.

Expand Plants SynFuel W. Va Coal Age (, Feb 1, 2002)

References

Alliance for Synthetic Fuels in Europe

Gas global technology liquid ACTED Consultants

Producers SynFuel Hit Paydirt! (NCPA Policy Digest) – an analysis of subsidies SynFuel U.S.

DoD launches quest for energy self-sufficiency Jane's Defence Weekly September 25, 2006

Alberta Centre Oil Sands Discovery

Bitumen and synthetic crude

2008 World Conference CTL 3 and April 4, 2008 – Paris

Synthetic Fuel Concept to Steal CO2 From Air

EU proposed conversion of liquid fuels to CO2

synthetic fuels using fourth generation synthetic life. Craig Belly Conference

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